Policy packaging or policy patching? The development of complex energy efficiency policy mixes

Policy packaging or policy patching? The development of complex energy efficiency policy mixes

The ambition of energy policy has long been to reduce carbon emissions, secure energy supply and provide affordable energy services. In recent years an increasing number of policy instruments have been introduced to promote energy efficiency in different sectors across the EU. While previous research has largely analysed the effectiveness of individual policy instruments and their impact on the...

Patching vs Packaging in Policy Formulation: Assessing Policy Portfolio Design

Thinking about policy mixes is at the forefront of current research work in the policy sciences and raises many significant questions with respect to policy tools and instruments, processes of policy formulation, and the evolution of tool choices over time. Not least among these is how to assess the potential for multiple policy tools to achieve policy goals in an efficient and effective way. P...

the foreign policy of russia toward caucasus 2000-2008

after the soviet union dissolution, a chaotic period was begun in the russia. russia lost its glory and felt disgrace. the first group of elites came to power under yeltsin; they tried to re-define russia’s identity as a european country and build a foreign policy on this baseline. therefore russia tried to become closer with the west especially with the u.s. according to their view the sovie...

origins of armenia’s foreign policy and its foreign policy towards iran

foreign policy takes root from complicated matters. however, this issue may be more truth about armenia. although the new government of armenia is less than 20 years, people of this territory are the first ones who officially accepted christianity. in very past times, these people were a part of great emperors like iran, rome, and byzantium.armenia is regarded as a nation with a privileged hist...

Energy Efficiency and Energy Policy